Oscar Browning

Guelphs and Ghibellines: A Short History of Mediaeval Italy from 1250-1409


Read by Pamela Nagami


The High Middle Ages in Italy, 1250-1409, were a time of incessant strife between rival city-states, some the Ghibelline allies of the Holy …

The Age of the Condottieri: A Short History of Mediaeval Italy from 1409-1530


Read by Pamela Nagami


Italy from 1409 to 1530 is synonymous with the Renaissance, but this was also the age of the condottieri, Italian captains of mercenary comp…

Modern England 1820-1885


Read by Pamela Nagami


This short survey opens with the accession of that portly spendthrift, King George IV. With British support, Greece becomes independent. The…